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★シノリヴ : P0001778 ★No. 044 (3/30 2006)
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["depot"を含む２０題と"Ecology of Nutrition (17)"]
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☆---「シノリヴ」★毎月１５日・３０日 発行---☆
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★高校英語基本語彙の復習をしながら高級語彙を効率的に学習★
★無理せずコツコツこなせば、英語の語彙力アップ間違い無し★
★英語試験の受験勉強で市販の問題集を使い切った時の繋ぎとして★
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□ CONTENTS
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1-1. アナロジー問題
1-2. アナロジー問題解答
2. テキスト間演習
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■■■ 1．Ａｎａｌｏｇｙ ■■■
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1-1. アナロジー問題
反意語もしくは同義語を選んでアナロジーを完成してください。
1. conviction : credence--- Psychoanalysis(精神分析学) find
little credence among laymen(laymen; 門外漢).
adherent : __________
(a) incredulity--- He stared down the street in credulity.
(b) renegade--- Iran counters that it was simply given the
document, unasked for, by the renegade Pakistani nuclear scientist
A Q Khan, from whom Iraq once secretly acquired enrichment
technology.
(c) disciple--- A disciple of Rousseau.
(d) tic--- It is important to distinguish this spasm from other
causes of facial spasms, such as psychogenic facial spasm and
facial tic.
2. methodically : sporadically--- The fighting continued
sporadically for several days.
conviction : __________
(a) defy--- A woman who defies convention.
(b) credence
(c) irregularly--- Her features were too irregular.
(d) disbelief--- Laura shook her head in disbelief.
3. noxious : salutary--- A salutary reminders of where we came
from.
disproportionate : __________
(a) salutary
(b) disparate--- A culturally disparate country.
(c) proportionate--- The punishment should be proportionate to the
crime.
(d) neatly--- He wrote his name neatly at the bottom of the page.
4. critique : analysis--- An analysis of popular culture.
facet : __________
(a) monumental--- It's been a monumental effort.
(b) mankind--- Research for the benefit of all mankind.
(c) diminutive--- A diminutive figure dressed in black.
(d) slant--- A new slant in science.
5. decompose : molder--- I couldn't permit someone of your
ability to molder away in a backwater(発展の遅れた地域). [a man of
abilities; 多才な人]
humanity : __________
(a) pass SB over--- She was passed over for a key promotion after
a reorganization of the London agency.
(b) ineffective--- A weak and ineffective president.
(c) stand up--- This little machine has stood up well for many
years.
(d) mankind
6. vegetation : verdure--- A circa-1700 Flemish tapestries
depicting the 12 months, as well as verdure landscapes, which are
noted for their dimensional imagery, lush greenery and peaceful
ambience(雰囲気).
humanity : __________
(a) constituent--- The essential constituents of the human diet.
(b) putrefy--- Two burnt bodies, two putrefied corpses, and one
half-mummified and one skeletal structure.
(c) the human race--- The physicist repeated his fear that a
nuclear war or accident could destroy the human race.
(d) slant
7. noxious : salutary
macro : __________
(a) impotent--- He was seized with an impotent anger.
(b) colossal--- A colossal mistake.
(c) salutary
(d) wee--- When I was just a wee bairn(子供).
8. disproportionate : disparate
pivot : __________
(a) hub--- The technological model of the car is offered with
hybrid drive with built-in in hub wheel the electric motor.
(b) reasonable--- A police officer may use reasonable force to
gain entry.
(c) equitable--- An equitable balance of power.
(d) thurible--- The thurible is then swung back and forth on its
chains, spreading the fragrant smoke.
9. conviction : disbelief
potent : __________
(a) incredulity
(b) efficacious--- The vaccine has proved both efficacious and
safe.
(c) feeble--- A feeble excuse.
(d) sporadically
10. underworld : the nether regions--- No doubt that rhetoric
has combined with actual administration mistakes to send Bush's
approval ratings down to the nether regions.
repository : __________
(a) nirvana--- Although the 1997 elections did not produce a
policy nirvana for British feminism, their initial effects augured
reasonably well for movement interests.
(b) irregularly
(c) depot--- An arms depot.
(d) defy
11. facet : slant--- A new slant in science.
stand up to SB/STH : __________
(a) viability--- The models obtained can be used in the initial
stages of building design in order to assess the viability of
natural ventilation in urban environment, especially in street
canyons.
(b) give in to SB/STH--- He reluctantly gave in to the pressure.
(c) withstand--- In pressure application experiments, the bonding
strength of PC was so high that even 10-mm incisions withstood a
mean pressure of 92 mm H2O.
(d) conform--- We have to conform our ideas to those of the
society in which we live.
12. disproportionate : equitable
stand up to SB/STH : __________
(a) heed--- He should have heeded the warnings.
(b) withstand
(c) equitable
(d) disparate
13. pivot : fulcrum--- It acts as a guidance for jaw movements
and as a fulcrum for force generation.
vegetation : __________
(a) give in to SB/STH
(b) foliage--- Healthy green foliage.
(c) feeble
(d) tic
14. stand up to SB/STH : defy
conviction : __________
(a) dubiety--- His enemies made much of the dubiety of his
paternity.
(b) certainty--- She knew with absolute certainty that they were
dead.
(c) conform
(d) renegade
15. macro : diminutive
decompose : __________
(a) minuscule--- A minuscule fragment of cloth.
(b) molder
(c) stand up--- This little machine has stood up well for many
years.
(d) diminutive
16. conviction : incredulity
decompose : __________
(a) putrefy--- Two burnt bodies, two putrefied corpses, and one
half-mummified and one skeletal structure.
(b) last--- The car is built to last.
(c) incredulity
(d) impotent
17. disproportionate : proportionate--- The punishment should
be proportionate to the crime.
decompose : __________
(a) putrefy
(b) freshen--- It didn't take long to freshen her make-up.
(c) equitable
(d) proportionate
18. potent : feeble
disproportionate : __________
(a) stand up
(b) disparate
(c) ineffective
(d) reasonable
19. decompose : molder
facet : __________
(a) aspect--- The financial aspect can be overstressed.
(b) perdition--- The oath would seem to be his perdition, yet in
the end he is saved because of it.
(c) stand up
(d) proportionate
20. critique : assessment--- The owner of the CanTung mine is
going to court to fight an order for an environmental assessment
of the tungsten mine's operations.
gender : __________
(a) efficacious
(b) flora--- The river's flora and fauna(動物相) have been
inventoried and protected.
(c) dubiety
(d) sex--- Adults of both sexes.
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1-2. アナロジー問題解答：
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1-c, 2-d, 3-c, 4-d, 5-d, 6-c, 7-d, 8-a, 9-c, 10-c, 11-c, 12-a,
13-b, 14-b, 15-c, 16-b, 17-b, 18-d, 19-a, 20-d
1-c, disciple; n.; a follower or pupil of a teacher, leader, or
philosophy;【(1)_In_Japanese_】
2-d, disbelief; n.; inability or refusal to accept that something
is true or real; 【(2)_In_Japanese_】
3-c, proportionate; a.; corresponding to in size or amount to
something else; 【(3)_In_Japanese_】
4-d, slant; n.; a particular point of view from which something is
seen or presented; 【(4)_In_Japanese_】
5-d, mankind; mass n.; human beings considered collectively; the
human race; 【(5)_In_Japanese_】
6-c, the human race; n.; all people, considered together as a
group; 【(6)_In_Japanese_】
7-d, wee; a.; (chiefly Scottish); little; 【(7)_In_Japanese_】
8-a, hub; n.; the central part of a wheel, rotating on or with the
axle(車輪の回転軸), and from which the spokes radiate; The
technological model of the car is offered with hybrid drive with
built-in in hub wheel the electric motor.; 【(8)_In_Japanese_】
9-c, feeble; a.; failing to convince or impress;
【(9)_In_Japanese_】
10-c, depot; n.; (ディ’ーポウ); a place for the storage of large
quantities of equipment, food, or some other commodity;
【(10)_In_Japanese_】
11-c, withstand; t.; offer strong resistance or opposition to
(someone or something); 【(11)_In_Japanese_】
12-a, heed; t.; pay attention to; take notice of;
【(12)_In_Japanese_】
13-b, foliage; mass n.; plant leaves, collectively;
【(13)_In_Japanese_】
14-b, certainty; n.; firm conviction that something is the
case(事実); 【(14)_In_Japanese_】
15-c, stand up; stay healthy or in good condition in a difficult
environment or after a lot of hard use; 【(15)_In_Japanese_】
16-b, last; i.; continue to function well or to be in good
condition for a considerable specified length of time;
【(16)_In_Japanese_】
17-b, freshen; t.; make STH newer, cleaner, or more attractive;
【(17)_In_Japanese_】
18-d, reasonable; a.; as much as is appropriate or fair; moderate;
【(18)_In_Japanese_】
19-a, aspect; n; a particular part or feature of something;
【(19)_In_Japanese_】
20-d, sex; n.; either of the two main categories (male and female)
into which humans and most other living things are divide on the
basis of their reproductive functions; 【(20)_In_Japanese_】
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Answers_In_Japanese
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(1)-弟子、信奉者 (2)-信じようとしないこと (3)-釣り合った
(4)-(偏った)観点 (5)-人類、人間 (6)-人類 (7)-ちっぽけな
(8)-こしき (9)-説得力に欠ける、効果の弱い、ひ弱な
(10)-(貨物が集積される)倉庫 (11)-逆らう、逆らい通す
(12)-留意する (13)-群葉 (14)-客観的な確実性
(15)-(使用に)よく耐える、長持ちする、もつ (16)-持ちこたえる
(17)-〜を新鮮にする (18)-正当な、相応な (19)-局面
(20)-性、性別
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■■■ 2．The exercise between texts ■■■
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2. テキスト間演習
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Ecology of Nutrition (17)
Fermentation sites in the gut
Fermentation of plant material occurs in the hindgut and of
foregut of vertebrate herbivores. Large (>50kg) hindgut fermenters
including horses, rhinos and elephants typically have enlarged
colons, whereas small (<10kg) hindgut fermenters including
rabbits, most rodents, some monkeys, and most herbivorous birds
and reptiles typically have enlarged caeca where plant material is
microbially digested. Marsupial herbivores include groups such as
the kangaroos and wallabies (Macropodidae), which have their
primary site for microbial fermentation in complex, large,
stomachs, but also include groups such as the wombats
(Vombatidae), brushtail possums (Phalangeridae), koala
(Phascolarctidae) and gliders (Pseudocheiridae), which have their
primary site for microbial fermentation in the hindgut (i.e.
colon, caeca or both).
Fermentation of plant material in the foregut occurs in enlarged
compartment(s) anterior to the true digestive stomach, although
these structures are often referred to collectively as a
multichambered stomach. Mammals in the suborder Ruminantia (e.g.
deer, elk, giraffe, bison, sheep, cattle) and in the order
Tylopoda (camels, llama, alpaca, vicuna) have multichambered
stomachs. The hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoatzin) is the only bird in
which portions of the foregut are enlarged and primarily used for
fermentation of plant material.
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Glossary with practice
1 から 6 語句のの英文語義を (a) から (f) の中から選べ。
-- - --- - -- - --- - -- - --- - -- - --- - -- - --- -
1. hindgut; 後腸
2. foregut; 前腸
*rhino; rhinoceros; 犀
3. colon; 結腸
*whereas -clause-; 〜であるのに対して
*rodent; 齧歯類
*reptile; 爬虫類
4. caecum/cecum (pl: caeca/ceca); 盲腸
*marsupial; 有袋動物の
*gliders; flying phalanger;
フクロモモンガ、フクロムササビなどの手足の間の膜で滑空する動物。
*Pseudocheiridae; リングテイル科(学名)/ ringtail(英語名)
[フクロムササビなどのような滑空をする有袋類動物を含む。]
*compartment; 小部屋
*anterior; 前方の、腹側の
[体の頭側(足側の反対)、あるいは、前面(背中の反対)側]
*multichambered; (反芻動物の胃(複胃)が幾つかの小部屋(通常4室)に分
かれているのをさしている。)
[chambered; a.; 房/室のある]
*suborder; 亜目
[主な生物分類の: 門、網、目、科、属、系、種:
のうち、「目」の下に位置する。]
*Ruminantia; 反芻亜目(学名)
*elk; ヘラジカ
*giraffe; キリン
5. Tylopoda; 核脚類(海牛類亜目)
[下位にラクダが含まれる。]
*vicuna; ビクーニャ
[南米アンデス産のほっそりとした首の長い「ラクダ」]
6. hoatzin; ツメバケイ
[アマゾン川などの洪水林に生息する。木から木へと滑空するが、飛ぶの
は不得意な鳥。]
(a) Feeding ecology and diet (1)
Camelidae are grazers that feed on many kinds of grass and need
very little water. They thrive on salty plants that are rejected
by other grazing animals and need to eat halophytes, because
although they are adapted for conservation of water, and since
they hardly sweat or urinate, they will lose weight and strength
if they go for long periods without drinking water. Dromedaries
and guanacos have been seen drinking salty water, which no other
animals could tolerate.
(b) Feeding ecology and diet (2)
Hoatzin are unique among birds in having a well-developed
microbial fermentation system in the crop(素嚢) and caudal
esophagus. In all other birds known to ferment plant material,
microbial activity takes place in the hindgut. In hoatzins, the
crop is greatly enlarged, thick walled, and muscular and is also
the mainsite for leaf grinding. The microflora(腸内細菌) of the
crop is compose of mixed bacterial populations and ciliate
protozoa. Hoatzins retain the digesta(消化管内容物) for long
periods of time, exposing leaves to bacterial enzyme attack. The
end products of bacterial fermentation are volatile fatty acids
that appear to be absorbed through the crop wall and used by the
bird as energy substrates. Crop bacteria are likely to become a
source of protein, carbon, and other nutrients because hoatzins
have enzymes in the stomach that display bacteriolytic(溶菌性の)
activity. Partially digested plant material, bacteria, and
protozoa flow through the stomach and their constituents can then
be absorbed through the intestinal wall.
(c) the posterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal
(d) the part of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to
the rectum
(e) the anterior part of the alimentary canal of a vertebrate
embryo that develops into the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and
extreme anterior part of the intestine
(f) a cavity open at one end (as the blind end of a duct),
especially, the blind pouch at the beginning of the large
intestine into which the ileum opens from one side and which is
continuous with the colon
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Answer:
1-(c), 2-(e), 3-(d), 4-(f), 5-(a), 6-(b)
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応用記事へのリンク：
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoatzin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylopoda
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocheiridae
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4628912.stm
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